How does congenital cervicothoracic scoliosis bring about early trunk tilt and coronal imbalance during curve progression: a radiographic analysis to dissect the mechanism of proximal takeoff phenomenon.

PURPOSE: To dissect the mechanism of how congenital cervicothoracic scoliosis (CTS) drive the occurrence of early trunk tilt, namely proximal takeoff phenomenon (PTO) during curve progression. METHODS: CTS patients were stratified into case and control groups according to the presence of PTO. The radiographic deformity parameters of head-neck-shoulder complex were measured and compared between the two groups. The main risk factors for PTO were identified through multiple linear regression analysis. RESULTS: 16 CTS patients with PTO were recruited, and the non-PTO group consisted of 19 CTS patients without PTO. The average Cobb angle was 64.9 ± 19.8° in PTO group and 57.7 ± 21.9° in control group (p > 0.05). Significant difference could be observed for head shift, neck tilt, trunk inclination, apex-C7 deformity angular ratio (DAR), apex translation ratio, C6 tilt, clavicle angle (CA), radiographic shoulder height (RSH), head-neck translation and coronal balance distance (CBD) (All p < 0.05) but not head tilt (p > 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that head shift, but not neck tilt correlated significantly with the severity of trunk inclination (β = 0.106, p = 0.003), while apex-C7 DAR and apex translation ratio were the two factors contributing significantly to the severity of head shift (β = 0.620, p = 0.020; β = - 0.371, p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Development and progression of head shift rather than neck tilt is a significant causative factor initiating the occurrence of trunk tilt and proximal takeoff in CTS. A higher apex-C7 DAR representing a short angular upper hemi curve and a lower apex translation ratio representing poor proximal coronal compensation are key risk factors predisposing to head shift.

Root-end resection with or without retrograde obturation after orthograde filling with two techniques: A micro-CT study.

To evaluate the filling ability of two orthograde obturation techniques followed by the apical resection with or without retrograde obturation through micro-computed tomography (CT). Thirty-two single-rooted permanent teeth were prepared and randomised into four groups (n = 8) according to the orthograde obturation technique (single cone technique [SCT] and mineral trioxide aggregate placement) combined or not with retrograde obturation. The volume of voids (VoV) within the entire endodontic space, the apical 3 mm, and 1 mm after root resection was calculated by micro-CT. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference among the groups regarding the total VoV in all root canals, as well as within the apical 1 mm after root resection. The SCT and apical resection without retrograde filling showed significantly better results in terms of VoV at the apical 3 mm after root resection. Within the study limitations, SCT associated with apical resection without retrograde preparation exhibited a similar or less amount of voids than the other groups.

Cirurgia paraendodôntica com retro-obturação utilizando MTA Repair HP®: análise tomográfica longitudinal prospectiva de dois casos clínicos / Periradicular surgery with retrofilling by MTA Repair HP® having concomitant cone beam computed tomography follow-up analysis: case series repor

Objetivo: Avaliar tomograficamente, em dois casos clínicos, o efeito da nova formulação do MTA, o MTA Repair HP, na contribuição para a remissão de lesões periapicais em cirurgias paraendodônticas, bem como a sua manipulação e as suas propriedades físicas. Relatos de caso: Paciente R.C.R., 57, reportou-se à Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora para avaliação de lesão periapical no elemento 11. Ao exame radiográfico, observou-se tratamento endodôntico e uma área radiolúcida, unilocular, circunscrita envolvendo o ápice dentário. Solicitou-se um exame de TCFC (I-Cat®, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pensilvânia, EUA), no qual foi confirmada a presença da lesão com rompimento da cortical óssea vestibular. Foram realizadas apicectomia, curetagem, retropreparo pela Técnica Clássica, e retroobturação com o novo material. Realizaram-se tomografias nos momentos pós-operatórios de três e cinco meses. Paciente R.J.G.M., 46, relatava dor, aumento de volume intraoral e drenagem de secreção purulenta na arcada superior esquerda. Aos exames clínico e radiográfico, observou-se presença de fístula e lesão refratária ao tratamento endodôntico no dente 25. Realizou-se TCFC, na qual pode-se observar a presença de uma área hipodensa circunscrita, envolvendo o ápice do 25, com rompimento da cortical óssea vestibular. Foi proposto o mesmo tratamento descrito no caso anterior. Para o acompanhamento foram realizadas novas tomografias nos mesmos tempos pós-operatórios do caso anterior. Discussão: O MTA Repair HP surgiu da necessidade de um material mais biocompatível com as estruturas dentárias no procedimento de obturação retrógrada. Este produto auxilia na regressão de lesões periapicais e na formação dos componentes do periodonto e apresenta como vantagens, o maior tempo de presa, não provocar o escurecimento coronário e maior facilidade na manipulação. Conclusão: Conclui-se que houve formação de tecido calcificado no decorrer dos tempos de três e cinco meses. Em relação à manipulação do material, não foi observada melhora pela adição de agente plastificante. Contudo, observou-se um tempo de presa menor do que o esperado, dificultando a inserção do material

Aim: To evaluate, tomographically, in two clinical cases, the effect of the new MTA formulation of the Angelus, the MTA Repair HP, in the contribution to remission of periapical lesions in paraendodontic surgery, as well its physical properties and manipulation. Case report: Patient R.C.R, 57, attended at the Faculty of Dentistry of the Federal University of Juiz de Fora for evaluation of periapical lesion in the element 11. It was observed, at the clinical and radiographic exams, endodontic treatment and a circumscribed, unilocular and radiolucid area at the apex of the tooth. It was requested a CBCT exam (I-Cat®, Imaging Sciences International, Hatfield, Pennsylvania, USA), which confirmed the presence of the lesion and rupture of the buccal cortical plate. Thus, it was performed curettage, apicectomy, retropreparation and retrofilling with the described cement. It was solicited two additional CBCT exams at the period of three and five months post-operative. Patient R.J.G.M, 46, with mean complain of pain, increased intraoral volume and purulent discharged in the upper left arch. The clinical and radiographic exams revealed fistu-la and refractory lesion, despite the endodontic treatment of the tooth 25. A CBCT exam was done and it was observed a circumscribed hypodense area, around the apex of the 25, with rupture of the buccal cortical plate. It was suggested the same surgical treatment described in the case above. It was performed two more CBCT exam, at three and five months after the procedure. Discussion: The MTA Repair HP was developed from the necessity of a more biocompatible material with the dental structures in the retrograde filling process. This product helps in the remission of periapicals lesions and in the new formation of the periodontum components; also it has the advantages of longer set-ting time, not causing the darkening of the coronary portion and easier manipulation. Conclusion:Regarding the remission of the lesions, it was noticed the generation of calcified tissue across the periods of three and five months. Regarding the manipulation and application, it was not observed any improvement related to the addition of the plasticizer. However, it was noticed a shorter setting time, making it difficult to insert the material.

Scanning electron microscopy analysis of marginal adaptation of mineral trioxide aggregate, tricalcium silicate cement, and dental amalgam as a root end filling materials.

The aim of this research was to examine marginal adaptation of three root end filling materials mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), Biodentine and amalgam. Ninety single-rooted extracted human teeth of the maxillary intercanine sector were used in the study. After the endodontic treatment and retrograde preparation, teeth were divided into three groups, depending on the root-end filling material. Teeth were cut in longitudinal manner. Measurements of the total width of the marginal gap in micrometers were performed using scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that MTA and Biodentine have better marginal adaptation compared to amalgam expressed through the mean value of the measured edge crack, however without significant difference (p > .05). Mean value of the measured edge crack in Group 1 (MTA) was 8.17 µm, in Group 2 (Biodentine) 8.53 µm, and in Group 3 (amalgam) 9.13 µm. All tested materials show a satisfactory degree of marginal adaptation, but MTA and Biodentine proved to be superior to amalgam.

Manejo ortógrado de perforaciones radiculares: a propósito de dos casos / Orthograde management of root canal perforations: two case reports

Las perforaciones radiculares son complicaciones no deseadas que pueden ocurrir durante el tratamiento de conductos. Los principales factores que afectan el pronóstico de un diente que presenta una perforación son la localización y el tamaño de esta, el tiempo transcurrido hasta su reparación, el grado de contaminación previa, y la presencia de una radiolucidez adyacente. La aparición de materiales biocompatibles como el agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) incrementó de forma sustancial el pronóstico de estos dientes alcanzando tasas de éxito de alrededor del 90%. El objetivo de este artículo es describir el manejo ortógrado de dos casos con perforaciones radiculares laterales en los que se utilizaron materiales y técnicas distintas para su sellado. En ambos casos, previamente al sellado ortógrado de las perforaciones, se realizó una desinfección abundante con hipoclorito de sodio (NaOCl) al 2,5%. En el primer caso, se realizó la obturación del tercio apical del conducto usando una técnica de condensación vertical con gutapercha caliente, y posteriormente se obturó el resto del conducto, incluida la perforación, mediante MTA blanco (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brasil). En el segundo caso, que además presentaba la dificultad añadida de un instrumento fracturado, se utilizó Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, Francia) en toda la longitud del conducto radicular donde se encontraba la perforación. La ausencia de signos y síntomas clínicos y la curación radiográfica en progreso revelan unos resultados satisfactorios en las revaluaciones postoperatorias a los 6 y 18 meses

Root perforations are undesired complications that can occur during root canal treatments. The prognosis of teeth with root perforations could be affected by several factors described in the literature, such as location, size, immediacy in the repair, previous microbial contamination and the presence of a radiolucency adjacent to perforation. However, the introduction of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) resulted in an improved prognosis and higher success rates. The purpose of this case report was to describe two nonsurgical endodontic retreatments with lateral root perforations using two different materials and techniques for filling. A disinfection with 2,5% sodium hypochlorite was carried out in both root canals with root perforation. In the first case, the apical third of the canal was filled with vertically compacted warm gutta-percha, while the rest of the canal was sealed with white MTA (Angelus, Londrina, PR, Brazil) for proper sealing of the perforation. In the second case, in addition to presenting the added difficulty of a separated instrument, the complete root canal filling with perforation was performed using Biodentine (Septodont, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses, France). The absence of clinical signs and symptoms and the radiographic healing in progress revealed satisfactory results after 6 and 18 months of follow-up

Sellado apical de dos materiales de obturación retrógrada en dientes unirradiculares / Apical sealing of two root-end filling materials in unirradicular teeth

Objetivo: Comparar la capacidad de sellado de dos materiales para obturación retrógrada en dientes permanentes unirradiculares: el agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA®) y el silicato tricálcico (Biodentine®). Materiales y métodos: Se seleccionaron 38 dientes permanentes unirradiculares con cierre apical completo, los cuales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en dos grupos experimentales (n = 15): Grupo 1: MTA®, Grupo 2: Biodentine®. Además, se usaron controles positivos y negativos. El tratamiento radicular se realizó con el sistema rotatorio Mtwo y la obturación mediante el sistema termoplástico de onda continua (Beefill), y se usó como sellador el cemento tipo Grossman. Se realizó la apicectomía del extremo apical, luego la preparación de cavidades retroapicales estandarizadas y las respectivas obturaciones con MTA® y Biodentine®, según grupo. Posteriormente, los especímenes se sometieron a un proceso de filtración apical de tinta china y de transparentación, mientras que la filtración apical fue evaluada por medio de un microscopio estereoscópico. Los datos fueron analizados con la prueba U de Mann-Whitney. Resultados: El análisis inferencial mostró que Biodentine® tuvo una menor microfiltración que el MTA®, con una diferencia estadísticamente significativa al 95% (p < 0,034). Conclusión: El cemento Biodentine® mostró una mayor capacidad de sellado a nivel apical que el cemento MTA® en obturaciones retrógradas de dientes unirradiculares ex vivo. (AU)

Aim: To compare the sealing capacity of mineral trioxide (MTA®) and tricalcium silicate (Biodentine®) for retrograde filling in single-root permanent teeth. Materials and methods: Thirty-eight permanent single-root teeth with complete apical closure were selected and randomly divided into two experimental groups (n = 15): Group 1: MTA®, and Group 2: Biodentine®, in addition to positive and negative controls. Root treatment was performed with the MTWO rotary system, and obturation was carried out by means of the continuous wave thermoplastic system (Beefill) using Grossman-type cement as a sealant. Apical end apicoectomy was performed followed by the preparation of standardized retro-apical cavities and the respective fillings with MTA ® and Biodentine® according to the study group. Subsequently, the specimens were subjected to an apical filtration process of Chinese ink and transparency, while the apical filtration was evaluated with a stereoscopic microscope. The data were analyzed with the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Inferential analysis showed that Biodentine® had less microleakage than MTA® with a statistically significant difference of 95% (p <0.034). Conclusion: Biodentine® cement showed greater apical sealing capacity than MTA® cement in retrograde fillings of single-root teeth ex vivo. (AU)

Non-surgical management of an extraoral cutaneous sinus tract of odontogenic origin.

Chronic apical periodontitis associated with dental pulp necrosis is the main cause of odontogenic extraoral cutaneous sinus openings. These tracts are often initially misdiagnosed unless the treating clinician considers a dental aetiology. This case report of a 19-year-old woman describes the diagnosis and treatment of an extraoral cutaneous sinus tract of odontogenic origin. Non-surgical conservative endodontic therapy was opted as the involved teeth were restorable. One month after the completion of obturation, there was closure of the sinus tract. One year follow-up showed complete resolution of the sinus tract with minimal scar formation.

Evaluación de la citotoxicidad de Biodentine, IRM y MTA en cultivos de fibroblastos del ligamento periodontal humano / An evaluation of the cytotoxicity of Biodentine, IRM and MTA in cultures of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts

Introducción: Los materiales para la obturación retrógrada son diversos. Actualmente, IRM y MTA son las alternativas clínicas más utilizadas, no obstante, es relativamente reciente la introducción de materiales a base de silicatos tricálcicos tal como Biodentine. Objetivo: Determinar la citotoxicidad de fibroblastos del ligamento periodontal humano expuestos a medios de cultivo condicionados con Biodentine, IRM y MTA. Material y métodos: 1 × 103 fibroblastos del ligamento periodontal humano fueron expuestos a medios DMEM/F12 condicionados con MTA, IRM y Biodentine en tres protocolos diferentes. Se realizó un ensayo de MTT para determinar la viabilidad celular a las cero, 24, 48, 72 horas, siete y 14 días. Se realizó una prueba ANOVA (p < 0.05). Resultados: En los tres protocolos con los diferentes medios de cultivo condicionados, la viabilidad de las células fue predominantemente proliferativa; sin embargo, las células expuestas a Biodentine mostraron una tendencia mayor que la MTA o la IRM. Conclusión: Las células expuestas a la Biodentine mostraron un comportamiento proliferativo a los 14 días de análisis. Se debe realizar más investigación a nivel in vivo y clínico para obtener más información sobre la conducta de estos materiales empleados para la obturación retrógrada (AU)

Introduction: The materials for retrograde filling are diverse. Currently, IRM and MTA are the most commonly used clinical alternatives, however, the introduction of materials based on tricalcium silicates such as Biodentine is relatively recent. Objective: To determine the cytotoxicity of human periodontal ligament fibroblasts exposed to culture media conditioned with Biodentine, IRM and MTA. Material and methods: 1 × 103 fibroblasts of the human periodontal ligament were exposed to DMEM/F12 media conditioned with MTA, IRM and Biodentine in 3 different protocols. An MTT assay was performed to determine cell viability at 0, 24, 48, 72 hours, seven and 14 days. An ANOVA test was performed (p < 0.05). Results: In the three protocols with the different conditioned culture media, the viability of the cells was predominantly proliferative, however, the cells exposed to Biodentine showed a higher tendency than the MTA or the IRM. Conclusion: The cells exposed to the Biodentine showed a proliferative behavior at 14 days of analysis. More research should be done at in vivo and clinical level to obtain more information about the behavior of these materials used for retrograde filling (AU)

A 10-year Follow-up Study of 119 Teeth Treated with Apical Surgery and Root-end Filling with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this clinical study was to assess the long-term outcome (clinical signs/symptoms and radiographic healing) of teeth treated with apical surgery and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) for root-end filling. METHODS: One hundred ninety-five patients were recalled 1, 5, and 10 years after apical surgery for clinical and radiographic examinations. Three calibrated observers evaluated the periapical radiographs independently. The evolution of the cases over time was analyzed. Healing classification of teeth was divided into "healed" versus "not healed" teeth using well-established clinical and radiographic healing criteria. The potential influence of sex, age, type of treated tooth, type of MTA, and first-time versus repeat surgery on healing outcome was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: The inception cohort included 195 teeth. The dropout rate after 10 years amounted to 39% (n = 76). Of the 119 teeth available for the 10-year analysis, 97 teeth were classified as healed (81.5%). No significant differences were found with regard to the rate of healed cases for the subcategories of the parameters of age, sex, type of MTA, and first-time or repeat surgery. Concerning the type of treated tooth, the rate of healed maxillary molars (95.2%) differed significantly (P = .035) from the rate of healed maxillary premolars (66.7%). The predictive value of the cases classified as healed at 1 year and remaining so over the 10-year observation period was 86.8%. CONCLUSIONS: This 10-year follow-up study of teeth treated with apical surgery and MTA as root-end filling material showed an acceptable rate of healed cases. Many of the lost teeth had been extracted because of longitudinal root fractures during the observation period.

Evaluation of the dislodgement resistance of bioceramic reparative cements placed in a retrograde cavity using a different technique

Aim: Calcium silicate-based fillings have been widely used in surgical endodontic treatment because of hard-tissue conductive and inductive properties. The aim of present study is to investigate the bond strength of different calcium silicate-based fillings in retrograde cavities. Methods: Forty-four maxillary single rooted teeth were endodontically treated. The apical portions of the teeth were removed and root-end cavities were prepared using an ultrasonic tip. The roots were randomly divided into four experimental groups (n = 11) according to the material used; (1) MTA-FILLAPEX, (2) MTA Repair HP, (3) MTA-FILLAPEX+ MTA Repair HP, and (4) MTA Plus. Two horizontal cross sections (1±0.1 mm thick) from each specimen were resected from the apices. These sections were placed in a universal testing machine to evaluate the push-out bond strength force required for dislodgement of the root end filling was recorded. The failure type was also evaluated by using a stereomicroscope. The differences in bond strength were analyzed using the two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: MTA-FILLAPEX and MTA Plus displayed the lowest and highest dislocation resistance, respectively (P < 0.05). In the apical level, bond strength was significantly higher than the coronal level in all groups except for MTA-FILLAPEX. Mixed failure was prevalent in all groups, except for MTA-FILLAPEX, which showed purely cohesive failures. Conclusions: Investigated calcium silicate-based filling materials showed different bond strength to the root-end cavity. The bond strength was significantly decreased when the prior application of MTA-FILLAPEX before delivery of MTA Repair HP

Balloon-occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration of varices: focusing on the portal hemodynamics and the recent techniques.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the recent topics of Ballloon-occluded retrograde trasnvenous obliteration(B-RTO). METHOD: We overviewed the recent scientific papers regarding B-RTO. RESULT: B-RTO is a treatment method for occluding varices retrogradely using a sclerosing agent under balloon occlusion of a major draining vein. It has been recognized as an effective treatment method for gastric varices. Hepatic function reserve is improved and liver volume is increased after B-RTO. In recent years, various technical options, such as plug-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration, coil-assisted retrograde transvenous obliteration, or foam B-RTO, have also been reported. In performing B-RTO, portal hemodynamics must be thoroughly examined radiologically. Judging the classification of the grade of collateral venous hemodynamics is important to select the appropriate embolization technique of B-RTO and to successfully occlude varices. Finally, the word "portosystemic shunt syndrome" has been proposed and the condition should be considered while selecting a treatment for gastric varices. CONCLUSION: B-RTO is effective for gastrointestinal varices and portosystemic shunts.

Effect of ultrasonic agitation on push-out bond strength and adaptation of root-end filling materials

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of ultrasonic agitation of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), calcium silicate-based cement (CSC), and Sealer 26 (S26) on adaptation at the cement/dentin interface and push-out bond strength. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty maxillary canines were divided into 6 groups (n = 10): MTA, S26, and CSC, with or without ultrasonic activation (US). After obturation, the apical portions of the teeth were sectioned, and retrograde cavities were prepared and filled with cement by hand condensation. In the US groups, the cement was activated for 60 seconds: 30 seconds in the mesio-distal direction and 30 seconds in the buccal-lingual direction, using a mini Irrisonic insert coupled with the ultrasound transducer. After the materials set, 1.5-mm thick sections were obtained from the apexes. The presence of gaps and the bond between cement and dentin were analyzed using low-vacuum scanning electron microscopy. Push-out bond strength was measured using a universal testing machine. RESULTS: Ultrasonic agitation increased the interfacial adaptation of the cements. The S26 US group showed a higher adaptation value than MTA (p < 0.05). US improved the push-out bond strength for all the cements (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The US of retrograde filling cements enhanced the bond to the dentin wall of the root-end filling materials tested.

Retrograde root canal treatment: a prospective case series.

AIM: Root canal treatment of teeth with necrotic pulps and apical periodontitis may be complicated by limited access to the root canals due to restorations and dystrophic calcifications. The objective of this study was to evaluate retrograde root canal as a primary treatment using a surgical approach as an alternative to conventional orthograde treatment. METHODOLOGY: Patients with apical periodontitis in the anterior region of the maxilla were consecutively recruited to the study over a period of 4 years. Fifty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria and received retrograde root canal treatment. A clinical and radiographic evaluation was made after 1 and 2 years postoperatively. RESULTS: Clinical and radiographically evaluation after 2 years revealed a successful outcome (as defined in this study) in 90% of the cases. CONCLUSION: Retrograde root canal as a primary treatment was a reliable alternative to treat apical periodontitis on single- and two-rooted teeth with limited orthograde access to the root canals in the maxilla.

In vitro evaluation of the apical seal of two different retrograde filling materials.

To determine whether the selection of retrograde filling material or the choice of instruments in root tip resection influences the seal of the retrograde root filling. Seventy-two single-rooted teeth were used. Root resection was performed using a Lindemann bone cutter, a Lindemann bone cutter with A-shaped cutting design or a diamond-coated bur. Retro-cavities were prepared by piezo-tips and filled with Super-EBA or MTA. Teeth were made transparent and dye penetration was assessed. Teeth filled with MTA, irrespective of the resection instrument, showed no measurable dye penetration. All groups filled with Super-EBA showed an apical leakage. There were no significant differences between the three groups filled with Super-EBA (P = 0.09). The comparison of MTA versus Super-EBA showed significant superiority in apical seal in favour of MTA (P < 0.0001). To use MTA as a retrograde filling material showed superior results in terms of the tightness of the apical seal as compared to Super-EBA.

Análise comparativa da adaptação marginal, infiltração microbiana e da citotoxicidade em ápices retrobturados com os cimentos Palacos-R e MTA / Comparative analysis of marginal adaptation, microbial leakage and cytotoxicity in apices in retrofills with cements Palacos-R and MTA

O sucesso do tratamento endodôntico está relacionado com uma adequada limpeza, modelagem e um bom selamento do sistema de canais radiculares. A cirurgia parendodôntica é um procedimento que tem como finalidade resolver problemas que não puderam ser solucionados pelo tratamento endodôntico convencional nem pelo retratamento. Essas cirurgias são realizadas através da exposição e remoção dos ápices radiculares, confecção de retrocavitações no longo eixo dos canais radiculares e retrobturações com materiais seladores específicos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho teve o objetivo de realizar um estudo comparativo dos cimentos MTA (Agregado Trióxido Mineral) e Palacos-R (cimento ósseo) nas retrobturações endodônticas através da avaliação da adaptação marginal, da infiltração microbiana e da citotoxicidade. Para avaliação da adaptação marginal e da capacidade seladora pelo método da infiltração microbiana, foram selecionados 48 caninos superiores permanentes humanos extraídos, instrumentados e obturados. As apicetomias para a remoção dos 3mm apicais das raízes foram realizadas com a utilização da ponta ultrassônica diamantada CVD DENTUS 8.1117. Os retropreparos foram confeccionados com pontas ultrassônicas diamantadas CVD DENTUS 6.1107-E, com 4mm de profundidade. As 28 amostras foram retrobturadas com o cimento ósseo Palacos-R (HERAEUS KULZER) e o cimento MTA cinza (ANGELUS), num total de 14 espécimes para cada cimento testado. A avaliação da adaptação marginal foi realizada pela microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) com 8 dentes (4 para cada cimento retrobturador). A capacidade seladora foi analisada através de ensaios de infiltração bacteriana com Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), com 10 dentes para o grupo do Palacos-R, 10 dentes para o grupo do MTA cinza, 10 dentes para o grupo controle positivo e 10 dentes para o grupo controle negativo. A avaliação da citotoxicidade foi feita com os eluatos dos cimentos pelo teste MTT, com fibroblastos gengivais de camundongos (células L929). A análise ao MEV mostrou uma melhor adaptação do Palacos-R aos retropreparos do que o MTA cinza. Apesar do Palacos-R ter obtido os menores índices numéricos de infiltração bacteriana, não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre ambos. Os dois cimentos não demonstraram atividade citotóxica sobre células L929, contudo nos extratos duplamente concentrados o cimento Palacos-R foi menos citotóxico do que o MTA cinza (P< 0.0001). Pôde-se concluir que o Palacos-R apresentou uma melhor adaptação marginal do que o MTA cinza ao MEV, que não houve diferença entre o Palacos-R e o MTA quanto à infiltracao microbiana e a citotoxicidade tornando-o um material retrobturador promissor a ser utilizado em Endodontia

The success of endodontic treatment is related to a proper cleaning, and a good seal of root canal system. Paraendodôntic surgery is a procedure that aims to solve problems that couldn't be solved by conventional endodontic treatment. These surgeries are performed by exposing and removing the root tips, making retrocavitations on the long axis of the root canals, and retrofilling with specific sealant materials Thus, the present work had the objective of performing a comparative study of MTA (Mineral Trioxide Aggregate) and Palacos-R (bone cement) cements in endodontic retrofillings through the evaluation of marginal adaptation, microbial infiltration and cytotoxicity. To evaluate the marginal adaptation and the sealing ability by the microbial infiltration method, 48 human permanent upper canines were selected, instrumented and obturated. The apicetomies for removal of the apical 3mm from the roots were performed using the diamond ultrasound tip CVD DENTUS 8.1117. The retroprepares were made with ultrasonic CVD DENTUS 6.1107-E diamond tips, 4mm deep. The 28 samples were retrobured with the Palacos-R (HERAEUS KULZER) cement and the gray MTA cement (ANGELUS), in a total of 14 specimens for each cement tested. The evaluation of the marginal adaptation was performed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with 8 teeth (4 for each retroburst cement). Sealing capacity was analyzed through bacterial infiltration assays with Enterococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212), with 10 teeth for the Palacos-R group, 10 teeth for the gray MTA group, 10 teeth for the positive control group and 10 teeth for the the negative control group. Cytotoxicity evaluation was performed with the eluates of the cements by the MTT test, with mouse gingival fibroblasts (L929 cells). The SEM analysis showed a better adaptation of the Palacos-R to the retroprepares than the gray MTA. Although Palacos-R had the lowest numerical rates of bacterial infiltration, there was no statistically significant difference between the two. The two cements did not demonstrate cytotoxic activity on L929 cells, however in the doubly concentrated extracts the Palacos-R cement was less cytotoxic than the gray MTA (P <0.0001). It was concluded that the Palacos-R presented a better marginal adaptation than the gray MTA to the SEM, that there was no difference between the Palacos-R and the MTA in terms of microbial infiltration and cytotoxicity, making it a promising retrofilling material to be used in Endodontics

Tratamiento de las várices gástricas con cianoacrilato, experiencia institucional / Institutional Experience with Cyanoacrylate Treatment of Gastric Varices

La principal causa de hemorragia de vías digestivas altas es la enfermedad ulcerosa del estómago y/o duodeno (Enfermedad ulceropéptica). Cada vez y con mayor frecuencia se presentan pacientes con sangrado originado en várices gástricas, quizás debido al número creciente de pacientes que las presentan como una secuela de la hipertensión portal causada a su vez por problemas hepáticos, especialmente por la cirrosis. Las opciones actuales de tratamiento de las várices gástricas incluyen desde métodos preventivos o profilácticos, hasta los propiamente terapéuticos mediante el uso de medicamentos (vasopresina, somatostatina y sus análogos), las derivaciones portosistémicas transyugulares (TIPS, por sus siglas en inglés) los métodos endoscópicos y la cirugía. Los métodos endoscópicos incluyen el uso de bandas y de inyección de sustancias esclerosantes, o de sustancias obturativas como el N-Butyl-2-cianoacrilato (Histoacryl®). Desde hace poco tiempo, y basados en la literatura cada vez con mejores niveles de evidencia y grados de recomendación, hemos empezado a usar el cianoacrilato en la Clínica Universitaria Colombia. Presentamos nuestra casuística y realizamos una revisión del tema

The main causes of upper digestive tract bleeding are ulcers in the stomach and/or duodenum (peptic ulcer disease). With increasing frequency, patients are being seen who have bleeding gastric varices. This may be due to the increasing number of patients who have portal hypertension caused in turn by liver problems, especially cirrhosis. Current options for treatment of gastric varices range include preventive and prophylactic methods. These include therapy using drugs including vasopressin, somatostatin and their analogs, transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunts (TIPS) endoscopic methods and surgery. Endoscopic methods include the use of bands and injection sclerotherapy and sealants such as N-Butyl-2-cyanoacrylate (Histoacryl ®). Recently, on the basis of literature with increasingly higher levels of evidence and recommendations, we have started using cyanoacrylate at the Clínica Universitaria Colombia. We present our cases and we review the issue.

Materiais usados em retro-obturações: comparação entre cimento de ionômero de vidro fotopolimerizável e cimento de portland / Materials used in retrograde obturations: comparison between light-cured glass ionomer and Portland cement

O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar, por meio de um teste in vitro, se ocorre infiltração ou não pelo corante azul de metileno a 0,2% em retro-obturações seladas com cimento ionômero de vidro fotopolimerizável e cimento Portland. Quarenta dentes unirradiculares receberam tratamento endodôntico convencional. As coroas foram removidas com um corte na junção cemento-esmalte, perpendicular ao longo eixo do dente e um corte horizontal de 2 a 3 mm do ápice. As raízes foram revestidas externamente, com duas camadas de esmalte de unha. Foi realizada uma cavidade apical para retro-obturação dos condutos. A amostra foi dividida em 2 grupos: Grupo 1 - isolamento apical com cimento de ionômero de vidro fotopolimerizável e Grupo 2 - isolamento com cimento Portland. Logo após a realização da obturação retrógrada, as amostras foram submetidas à imersão parcial em corante azul de metileno a 0,2% de pH neutro, durante 24 horas. As amostras foram lavadas em água corrente por 12 horas e 10 dias de secagem. Depois, as raízes foram seccionadas longitudinalmente no sentido mésio-distal e observadas por 2 examinadores independentes, com o auxílio de uma lupa com aumento de duas vezes. Foi utilizado o teste estatístico qui-quadrado para verificar as hipóteses. No total de 20 dentes retro-obturados com ionômero, apenas 1 deles foi infiltrado. Entretanto, com relação ao cimento Portland, em 18 dentes, houve infiltração com azul de metileno 0,2%. Nesse teste in vitro, os resultados apontam que o selamento apical com ionômero de vidro é superior ao selamento com cimento Portland.

The objective of this study was to compare through an in vitro test, if infiltration occurs or not by 0.2% methylene blue dye in retrograde obturations sealed with glass ionomer light-curing cement and Portland cement. Forty single-rooted teeth recieved conventional endodontic treatment. The crowns were removed with a cut at the cementoenamel junction perpendicular to the long axis of the tooth and a horizontal cut 2 to 3 mm from the apex. The roots were externally coated with two layers of nail polish. An apical cavity was performed for retrofilling of the conduits. The sample was divided into 2 groups: Group 1 with apical insulated glass ionomer light-curing cement and Group 2 with insulation with Portland cement. After the completion of the retrograde filling, the samples were subjected to partial immersion of 0.2% methylene blue dye in neutral pH for 24 hours. The samples were washed in running water for 12 hours and then 10 days of drying. After the roots were split lengthwise mesiodistally and observed by two independent examiners with the aid of a magnifying glass with an increase of twice. The chi-square statistical test was used to verify the hypotheses. Of the total of 20 teeth with retrograde obturations using ionomer, only one tooth was infiltrated, since with respect to Portland cement in 18 teeth there was infiltration with 0.2% methylene blue. In this in vitro test, the results suggest that the apical seal with glass ionomer is better than the sealing with Portland cement.

Agregado de trióxido mineral (MTA) em obturações retrógradas / The mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) in retrograde obturation

A apicectomia seguida pela obturação retrógrada constituem no corte da porção apical da raiz do elementodentário, seguido do preparo de uma cavidade na porção final do remanescente radicular e a obturação desteespaço com um material apropriado. Vários materiais retrobturadores têm sido propostos com o objetivo depromover adequado selamento apical. O material ideal para ser utilizado em obturações retrógadas devepreencher alguns requisitos como radiopacidade, insolubilidade, promover um adequado selamento apical, serbiocompatível, inibir o crescimento microbiano, facilidade no preparo e inserção. O presente trabalho seconstitui de uma revisão de literatura sobre o uso do Agregado Trióxido Mineral (MTA) em obturaçõesretrógradas

The apicectomy followed by the dental root-end-filling represents the cut of the apical portion of the root ofthe tooth, followed by the preparation of a cavity in the final portion of the root and the filling of this spacewith a suitable material. Several root-end filling materials have been proposed in order to promote adequateapical seal. The ideal material for retrograde fillings must meet certain requirements like radiopacity,insolubility, promote adequate apical seal, biocompatibility, inhibit microbial growth, ease of preparation andinsertion. This work constitutes a literature review on the use of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) inendodontic surgery as root-end filling material

Management of a Previously Treated, Calcified, and Dilacerated Maxillary Lateral Incisor: A Combined Nonsurgical/Surgical Approach Assisted by Cone-beam Computed Tomography.

Teeth with calcified canals, dilacerated roots, and associated large periradicular lesions involving both cortical plates pose a challenge to dentists. In addition to the nonsurgical endodontic treatment, such teeth may require surgical intervention with concomitant use of bone grafting materials and barrier techniques. These techniques, when combined with the use of a host modulating agent such as platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), may improve the chances of success. A 26-year-old woman was referred for dental treatment with a recurrence of an intraoral sinus tract 2 months after periradicular surgery in the upper anterior region. Clinical and radiographic examinations revealed a calcified and perforated maxillary left lateral incisor with a severely dilacerated root as well as an associated large radiolucent lesion surrounding the roots of the maxillary left central and lateral incisors. A cone-beam computed tomographic scan of the anterior maxilla showed erosion of the labial and palatal cortical plates in the same region. A calcified canal in the lateral incisor was negotiated up to the straight line portion of the canal. Periradicular surgery with root-end resection was performed, and root-end filling was performed with mineral trioxide aggregate. The perforation present on the middle third of the labial surface of the root was repaired with mineral trioxide aggregate, and the canal was cleaned, shaped, and obturated. A PRF scaffold was prepared and used with a collagen membrane and a freeze-dried bone allograft. Follow-up visits after 3 months, 6 months, and 1 year revealed satisfactory clinical and radiographic healing. The combined use of nonsurgical and surgical modes of treatment cannot be overemphasized in this case. The use of PRF along with a bone graft and a barrier membrane may have enhanced the speed of healing and the resolution of periradicular radiolucency by enhancing bone regeneration.